History of Independence Day: Was the Declaration of Independence really signed on July 4, 1776?

Independence Day, or the Fourth of July, celebrates the adoption by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, of the Declaration of Independence, proclaiming the severance of the allegiance of the American colonies to Great Britain. It is the most significant secular holiday in the United States, observed in all the states, territories, and dependencies.

Although it is assumed that the Continental Congress unanimously signed the document on the 4th of July, in fact, not all delegates were present, and there were no signers at all, contrary to the theatrical musical 1776.

Here is what actually happened.

Resolution

The congressional delegate from Virginia, Richard Henry Lee, introduced in the Continental Congress, on June 7, 1776, a resolution

“that…body declare the United Colonies free and independent States, absolved from allegiance to or dependence on the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain…”

Committee of Five on the Declaration of Independence

On June 10, a committee of five, featuring Thomas Jefferson (the actual scribe), was appointed to prepare a declaration suitable to the occasion if the Virginia resolution was adopted. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams revised Jefferson’s version before it went to Congress, where they did some editing of their own. The other two on the committee were Robert R. Livingston of New York and Roger Sherman of Connecticut.

Approval of Declaration of Independence

Congress approved the resolution on July 2; the Declaration composed by Jefferson and amended by his committee was adopted on July 4. That evening John Hancock ordered Philadelphia printer John Dunlap to print 200 broadside copies of the agreed-upon Declaration that he signed as “President” with Charles Thomson as Secretary. These were distributed to Congress members and the 13 colonies, and elsewhere. The Declaration was read in the yard of the statehouse on July 8. New York did not even vote on it until July 9. The signing was even more gradual, and it is somewhat misleading to speak of the “fifty-six original signers of the Declaration of Independence.”

By August 6, most of those whose names are on the document had signed, but at least six signatures were attached later. One signer, Thomas McKean, did not affix his name until 1781! Some of those who signed were not even in Congress when the Declaration was adopted, and some who voted for it in Congress never did get around to signing it. Robert R. Livingston was one of the members of the original committee of five; he helped to frame it; he voted for it, but he never signed it.

Celebration of Independence Day

The first anniversary of the Declaration was observed only in Philadelphia, PA, by the adjournment of Congress, a ceremonial dinner, bonfires, the ringing of bells, and fireworks. In 1788, after the requisite number of states had adopted the Constitution, Philadelphia celebrated July 4 with elaborate festivities, including a grand procession.

Recognition of the Declaration of Independence

However, it was not until September 3, 1783, that major European countries recognized the end of the American Revolutionary War. The Treaty of Paris was signed between the British and the U.S. at Hotel d’York in Paris. The Peace of Paris (or the Treaties of Versailles) recognized the end of the American Revolutionary War, among other European issues.

It was signed between the representatives of King George III of England and representatives of France’s King Louis XVI, Spain’s King Charles III and the States-General of the Dutch Republic.

Observance of Independence Day

Boston, Massachusetts, first observed the day in 1783; after that, this celebration replaced that of the Boston Massacre, March 5. The custom spread to other cities and states, where the day was marked by parades, patriotic oratory, military displays, and fireworks.

Today, games and athletic contests, picnics, patriotic programs and pageants, and community fireworks of pyrotechnic expertise are characteristic of the 4th of July. So, too, are attending baseball games, flying the American flag, consuming hot dogs, and imbibing inebriating fluids.

Hollywood Tie-in to Independence Day

Several years ago, the actress Reese Witherspoon recorded a tribute to the Declaration of Independence document when a lost copy was discovered folded between the canvas and frame of a picture. This audiovisual presentation went on a road trip with the document around the country. This was one of John Dunlap’s original 200 broadsides.

Why did she do this? She claims she is a descendant of John Witherspoon, the only active clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. He himself was a descendant of John Knox, the Scottish Reformer who studied under the Swiss Reformer John Calvin in Geneva. You can see the video here.

John Witherspoon and the Declaration of Independence

The Scottish-born Presbyterian minister was also President of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton). Among his students were Founding Fathers like Arron Burr and James Madison, along with 37 judges, 10 Cabinet officers, 12 members of the original Continental Congress, 28 Senators, and 49 U.S. members of Congress.

James Madison, the “Father of the Constitution,” spent an extra year at college following graduation to study theology. He would incorporate Witherspoon’s teachings on republicanism and “checks and balances” in government, based on Witherspoon’s Calvinistic understanding of the “depravity of man,” among other sources.

Legacy of Independence Day

For generations, the following words — initially penned by Thomas Jefferson with only one word modified by Congress — have echoed down the halls of U.S. history as if they were American Scripture:

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Bill Petro, your friendly neighborhood historian
billpetro.com

Related posts:

History of the Constitution of the United States: 235 Years Ago History of John Adams History of James Madison