[Warning: some photos are of the dead at Dachau]
Enlistment
John Petro entered the Army with one kidney. Disease claimed the other when he was 15 and the Navy wouldn't admit him. The Army Air Force did not like his flat feet. In retrospect, his comment to me of the Army Air Corps was that they where the "sunglasses and Coca-Cola boys"... unlike the Infantry. He didn't mention either of his conditions to the Army and in 1943 he entered the service. A 9 to 12-month delay in shipment overseas, my brother recalls, involved more training State-side. John went through boot camp three times in three different locations, eventually becoming part of the 42nd "Rainbow" Division, 232nd Infantry, Company E.
Shipped Out
As part of the 7th Army, they landed in Marsailles, France in December of 1944 and were the first of their corps to enter Germany in March of 1945. His Division's involvement in the Battle of the Bulge (Ardennes Offensive) was south of the Southern Shoulder (Luxembourg City and South - before and during the Second Front of Operation Nordwind in Northeast France)Task Force Linden
The Rainbow Division history reports: 'In the Autumn of 1944, the three Infantry Regiments were rushed overseas ahead of the remainder of the Division. They were designated as "Task Force Linden" and, in the words of one infantryman, "flung into the maw," totally fragmented, segregated with no artillery or back up support to bolster other thinned-down divisions trying to prevent a breakout of two German armies in Alsace. Task Force Linden's companies were used to defend against an attack and counterattack powerful German forces along a 30-mile furious battlefront in January 1945. The rest of the Division arrived in France in January and the Division was at last intact. The Rainbow Division as part of the expanded 7th Army attacked through the strong German defensive positions in the Hardt Mountains of France, penetrated the Siegfried Line at the German frontier, crossed the Rhine, and advanced into the cradle of Nazism, capturing Wurzburg, Schweinfurt, Furth (Nuremberg's twin city), Donauworth, liberating Dachau concentration camp, on April 29, 1945, and swept through Munich on April 30, shortly before the war ended on May 8.'
Germany and Austria
By the end of the war, the 42nd Division had established an enviable record. It was first in its corps to enter Germany, first to penetrate the Seigfried line and first into Munich. Rainbow soldiers had seized over 6,000 square miles of Nazi-held territory during their march across Europe. The Division ended the war serving as occupation forces in Austria and was inactivated in June 1946.Bronze Star Award
His award certificate for the Bronze Star reads thus:"John N. Petro, 39 542 822, Sergeant, Infantry, Company E, 232d Infantry Regiment, [is awarded the First Oak Leaf Cluster to the Bronze Star Medal] for heroic achievement in action on 5 April 1945, at Wurzburg, Germany. When the Second Battalion encountered heavy machine gun, rifle, and bazooka fire while advancing into Wurzburg, Sergeant Petro led his squad in the direction of the heaviest enemy fire. Approaching a church tower from which the heaviest sniper fire was pouring, he led his squad into the tower, killing five of the enemy with his rifle. Encouraged by his aggressive and courageous action, the squad killed fifteen and wounded twenty of the enemy, thereby removing a serious pocket of resistance that had been holding up the battalion advance. Entered military service from Burbank, California."
History of Dachau
Dachau was the first concentration camp, originally established in March 1933 near Munich, Germany soon after Hitler rose to power. At first Dachau held only political opponents, but over time, more and more groups were imprisoned there. Thousands died at Dachau from starvation, maltreatment, and disease. I have written a 4-part series of articles on the background of Dachau which you can find here.On April 29, 1945, the Allies fought their way and finally made it through the gate.
My father left me the following photos taken during the liberation. I still have these photos -- of those who survived, who looked like "living skeletons." I also have the photos of the skeletons of those who did not survive -- of the open train boxcars with bodies piled high.
May it never happen again
Dachau Wall
Dachau sat along a train track. As it became clear to the camp guards that the Allied troops were approaching, the captors sent some of the prisoners by train to other camps. When those camps refused them, they were shuttled from camp to camp without food or water, ultimately ending up back at Dachau. Most died during the trip.
Train Boxcars
My father had seen a lot of action up to this point in the war. But nothing he had seen so far prepared him for what he saw at Dachau. Buchenwald was the first camp liberated. When General Eisenhower visited there he vomited. Dachau was worse. There were over 40 train boxcars outside the camp with about 2,000 dead.My father said that he watched his commanders throw up when they saw what had happened at the camp.
The horror.
"My lieutenant lost it" he told me. "The smell of death was overwhelming."
Nazi Guards
In some cases, the prisoners killed their former captors. Some of the Nazi guards tried to escape. In other cases, U.S. machine gun fire killed some 30 guards, although General Eisenhower later reported, "Our forces liberated and mopped up the infamous concentration camp at Dachau. Approximately 32,000 prisoners were liberated; 300 SS camp guards were quickly neutralized."Camoflaged Guard
The Inspector General found the firing squad wall contained 20 bullet holes
Liberated Prisoners
Initially, the prisoners thought they were dreaming. "They could not believe it was true that after so long, they were finally being liberated." The liberated looked like the dead. "They were skeletons," he told me. It was only later that fear gave way to joy.The Aftermath
The next day, on April 30, 1945, with his squad being one of the first into nearby Munich, my father captured the Nazi general in charge of all the German anti-aircraft artillery outside of Munich. The general's lieutenant came out and told my father "My general will surrender only to someone of equal or greater rank." My father, was only a lowly staff sergeant, but he wore no stripes, which was not uncommon for Non-Commissioned Officers, "otherwise they'd be the first ones shot by the enemy." So John Petro, all of 23 years old said, "OK then, bring him out!" The general surrendered to my father his pistol. "Stars and Stripes" the official U.S. military magazine later recounted the story, with a picture of the general and his daughter, with her hair shorn short. The general believed the propaganda that if his daughter were captured by the Allies, she'd be mistreated. The magazine could not attribute the capture to a lowly sergeant, when the story was published it was credited to a higher ranking US officer. The last time I saw my father before he died in 1975, he told me the story. And now I have the general's surrendered pistol, a Sauer and Sohn 7.65 mm side arm.Displaced Persons Camps
At the end of WWII, U.S. troops found camps of Displaced Persons, whom the Nazi's had used for forced labor. There was also the question of what to do with the captured German soldiers and service people. John Petro was in charge of three of these P.O.W. camps. From one he brought home a carved nameplate. It was done for him for a Bavarian clockmaker, he told me, "for some extra food." Another one of the camps was a women's camp. He told me it was filled with "the Mata Hari type"... but explained no further. My brother recalls that my father told him it was populated by mistresses of the German officers.
Salzburg
Following the war, my father was in Salzburg where he had made a commemorative inscribed metal canteen. On the front was "42 Div, 232 Inf, CoE" between two Rainbow arcs. Below that, the Infantry sharpshooter emblem and the word Salzburg with the Austrian crest, surrounded by "19 OKT 1945" and "S/Sgt Petro" below. On the back was "France, Germany, Austria". The Hallmark was "RZM" inside a circle, with the numbers "M6/2/37".Ironically, my first visit to Salzburg was in October of 1995... almost exactly 50 years later.
After the war was over, Army leadership was distributing battlefield commissions, or what my father called "foxhole promotions." My father refused, knowing that these officers would have to remain following the war. Indeed, the "Rainbow" Division would remain in Austria for 10 years until 1955 as an occupation force. My father didn't want that. He told me, "I'd had enough, I wanted to go home."
Useful links:
Rainbow Division: History Dachau Liberation, by Chuck Ferree at remember.orgMy Holocaust Experience, by Chuck Ferree
HBO's archived "Band of Brothers" site.
Liberators: A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Photos of the Liberation: A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
Dachau and its liberation, personal account by Felix L. Sparks Brigadier General AUS (Retired)
"Tell us who were there that it never happened" remarks by Felix L. Sparks on May 8, 1995, at the U.S. Holocaust Museum.
Liberation from United States Holocaust Museum
History of Dachau Concentration Camp
Dachau Concentration Camp Scrapbook
Dachau Concentration Camp and Memorial Site, by Prof. Harold Marcuse, UC Santa Barbara Dept. of History
