History of Thanksgiving: the Secular & the Sacred
Mayflower II, Plimoth Plantation, MA. Author’s photo
HISTORY OF THANKSGIVING
The origin of Thanksgiving Day in America has been attributed to a harvest feast held by the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. In 1621, Governor William Bradford of the Plymouth Colony proclaimed a day of “thanksgiving and prayer” to celebrate the Pilgrims’ first harvest in America, the year after their arrival on the merchant ship Mayflower.
However, the picture you usually see featuring a few Native American men joining the Pilgrims at the feast is somewhat inaccurate. From the original settler Edward Winslow’s letter to a friend in 1621, we know that the Wampanoag Chief, Massasoit, was accompanied by some 90 of his men to visit Plymouth for three days of fish, fowl, and venison.
Pilgrim Thanksgiving celebrant survivors of the first winter. Author’s photo at Plimoth Museum Shop
But of the 102 English settlers who had spent their first year on the Massachusetts coast, about half the passengers had died by this time. This would have left about half the remaining fifty-three English survivors as men. So the Native men outnumbered the Pilgrim men by over three to one!
What was the original intention of the Pilgrims coming to America, how was it that they didn’t land at their intended destination, when was the “First Thanksgiving,” and how did it become a modern holiday?
Pilgrim Motivation
The idea that the Pilgrims fled England to come directly to America because of persecution is not entirely historically accurate, at least as the starting point. Instead, over a decade earlier, they had already left England for Holland as Dissenters of the Church of England. They were unwilling to comply with obligatory Church of England worship practices and were consequently subject to fines if they stayed in England.
These Pilgrims were English Calvinists in their theology, and found Dutch Calvinism more tolerant of their religious practice. However, they noticed that while in Holland, their children were forgetting how to speak English and adopting Dutch customs that were too liberal for their sensibilities.
Mayflower Destination
Landing: 500 miles off course. Image: Encarta
Therefore, they intended to remove to America, having heard of successful settlement in Virginia, and hoped to arrive in the north of the Virginia Company at the Hudson River’s mouth, in an area chartered to be called “New England.”
Their ship, the Mayflower, was not a passenger vessel but a merchant ship. I’ve stood inside the belly of the Mayflower II, pictured above; it is snug. The Atlantic passage was difficult; one passenger and one crewman died, and one baby boy was born, named appropriately Oceanus.
Mayflower Voyage
The Pilgrims disembarked Holland by way of England, departing from Plymouth in southwest England, and spent about two months crossing the Atlantic to the American coast. The weather was not their friend.
Plymouth Rock. Author’s photo
They landed instead at Cape Cod in Massachusetts. They could not reach the Hudson River, prevented by currents and shoals, so they landed instead at Provincetown Harbor, Massachusetts, 500 miles off course.
Ultimately, the ship’s complement disembarked at New Plymouth, according to Thomas Faunce in 1741, a 94-year-old church elder who said his father – who arrived in Plymouth, MA aboard the Mayflower – landed at the exact spot at “Plymouth Rock.”
So, the Pilgrims were wanderers, for the word “pilgrim” comes from the Latin perigrinus, meaning a traveler or wanderer from afar or abroad.
Mayflower Compact
Because they did not land at their original destination and lacked a charter for where they did land, the Pilgrims were worried that dissent among the non-Pilgrim passengers on the Mayflower would result in mutiny and rebellion.
William Bradford’s version of the Mayflower Compact. Image: Wikipedia
The Pilgrims wrote up what was later called the “Mayflower Compact,” a document of temporary laws to rule themselves by majority rule. Forty-one adult males and two indentured servants signed it, creating America’s first enduring democratic self-government document.
The document was probably written by the pastor William Brewster. His journal summarized it in calling for:
- Continued allegiance to King James I of England, notwithstanding their relocation for religious freedom
- Laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices for the good of the colony
- One society with an effort to work together to further it
- Living in accordance with the Christian faith
Thanksgiving Controversy
- Puritans: this group arrived in America from England 9 or 10 years after the Pilgrims, and claimed a thanksgiving holiday in Boston in 1631. Despite the two groups’ similarities, there are several notable differences and motivations for why they came, as I describe here.
- Irish: on February 21, 1621, a ship arrived from Dublin with food stocks at Plymouth Rock for the starving Pilgrims. The date differs from the aforementioned Autumn thanksgiving feast date.
- Spanish: more a religious service than a holiday, explorers in San Elizario, Texas, held a thanksgiving feast in 1592. Other claims point to a Spanish celebration on September 8, 1565, in St. Augustine, Florida.
- Virginia: the founding charter in Charles City County, Virginia, by the Berkeley Hundred – the early Virginia Colony’s Berkeley Plantation land grant – pins a thanksgiving service to 1619.
Thanksgiving Proclamations
- One of the first general proclamations was made in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1676.
- President George Washington, in 1789, issued the first presidential Thanksgiving proclamation in honor of the new US Constitution, establishing Thursday, November 26, as a “Day of Publick Thanksgivin.” During the 19th century, an increasing number of states annually observed the day, each appointing its own day.
- President Abraham Lincoln, on October 3, 1863, by presidential proclamation, appointed the last Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day due to the unremitting efforts of Sarah J. Hale, editor of Godey’s Lady’s Book.
Thanksgiving in the 20th Century
Each succeeding president made similar proclamations until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939. During his presidency, there were two Novembers that had five Thursdays. In response to business leaders’ repeated requests for a longer pre-Christmas shopping season, FDR designated the next-to-last Thursday of November as Thanksgiving, primarily to allow a special holiday weekend for the national public holiday. Not all leaders agreed: sixteen state governors continued to set Thanksgiving on the last Thursday of November as had been traditional. This went on for two years.
Scene from Holiday Inn. Image: University of Washington
Finally, on Dec. 26, 1941, both Congress and the President agreed to the fourth Thursday of November. Now you understand that scene in the 1942 movie Holiday Inn where the confused turkey jumps between alternate Thursdays in the November calendar.
Conclusion
The idea of a day set apart to celebrate the completion of the harvest and render homage to the Spirit who caused the fruits and crops to grow is both ancient and universal. The practice of designating a day of thanksgiving for specific spiritual or secular benefits has been followed in many countries.
Thanksgiving Day remains a day when many express gratitude to God for blessings and celebrate material bounty.
P.S. I’ve often been asked if the British also celebrate a day of Thanksgiving.
They do, but they observe it on July 4th.
Bill Petro, your friendly neighborhood historian
billpetro.com
